The locomotion strategies of fossil invertebrates are typically interpreted on the basis of morphological descriptions.However, it has been shown that homologous structures with disparate morphologies in extant invertebrates do not necessarily correlate with Retrospective application of transposon-directed insertion-site sequencing to investigate niche-specific virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium in cattle differences in their locomotory capability.Here, we present a new methodology for analysing locomotion in fossil invertebrates with a rigid skeleton through an investigation of a cornute stylophoran, an extinct fossil echinoderm with enigmatic morphology that has made its mode of locomotion difficult to reconstruct.We determined the range of motion of a stylophoran arm based on digitized three-dimensional morphology of an early Ordovician form, Phyllocystis crassimarginata.Our analysis showed that Exercise training does not improve myocardial diastolic tissue velocities in Type 2 diabetes efficient arm-forward epifaunal locomotion based on dorsoventral movements, as previously hypothesized for cornute stylophorans, was not possible for this taxon; locomotion driven primarily by lateral movement of the proximal aulacophore was more likely.
Three-dimensional digital modelling provides an objective and rigorous methodology for illuminating the movement capabilities and locomotion strategies of fossil invertebrates.